Ukukhiqizwa kwama-semiconductor akuthetheleli ngokunemba. Njengoba ama-transistors encishiswa futhi izifunda zikhuphuka, ngisho namazinga amancane okushintshashintsha kwemvelo angabangela amaphutha, ukulahlekelwa yisivuno, noma ukwehluleka kokugcina kokuthembeka. Akungabazeki ukuthi isici esibaluleke kakhulu nesinganakwa senqubo engenamaphutha ukulawula umswakama. Ukusebenza okuphezulu akusekelwe kuphela emishinini yokuhlanza ye-semiconductor yesimanje, kodwa futhi nasemikhubeni yokususa umswakama we-semiconductor cleanroom ehlungiwe ngokucophelela ngemingcele ethile yenqubo egxile kuyo.

Indima Yomswakama Ekukhiqizeni Ama-Semiconductor

Umswakama awuyona nje into yokunethezeka—uyinto ebalulekile ezindaweni zokukhiqiza ze-semiconductor. Umswakama ongalawulwa udala izingozi ezilandelayo:

• Ukushiswa kwezindawo ezibucayi ze-wafer
• Ukukhishwa kwe-electrostatic (ESD), ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezinomswakama ophansi
• Ukungcola kwezinhlayiya ngokunamathiselwa komhwamuko wamanzi
• Ukugqwala okubangelwa umswakama ngesikhathi sokupakisha nokuhlola

Njengoba amadivayisi e-semiconductor ekhiqizwa ngezikali ze-nanometer namuhla, lezi zingozi ziyanda. Ngakho-ke, ukulawulwa komswakama we-semiconductor akuyona nje umqondo omuhle—kuyimpoqo yobuchwepheshe.

Qonda i-Semiconductor Cleanroom

Izimboni zokukhiqiza i-semiconductor, noma ama-fabs, zakhiwe ngamazinga aphansi kakhulu ezinhlayiya emoyeni, ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa, kanye nomswakama. Amakamelo okuhlanza ahlukaniswa ngokwenani nobubanzi obamukelekayo bezinhlayiya ngemitha eyi-cubic ngokwesigaba se-ISO noma se-Federal Standard 209E.

Kulesi simo, imishini yokuhlanza ye-semiconductor ayigcini nje ngokulawula ukuhamba komoya kanye nokuhlunga kodwa futhi iqinisa izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlelo zokuhlanza kumele kuqinisekise ukuthi imingcele yemvelo iyavumelana. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi emisebenzini ebucayi njenge-lithography, i-chemical vapor deposition (CVD), kanye nokusika.

Imishini Yokuhlanza Ebalulekile Ye-Semiconductor Yokulawula Imvelo

Imishini yesimanje isebenzisa imishini ehlukahlukene esebenza kahle kakhulu ukuqapha izimo zemvelo. Ekuhlanzekeni komoya kanye nokulawula umswakama, imishini elandelayo ibaluleke kakhulu:

• Izihlungi ze-HEPA ne-ULPA: Susa izinhlayiya eziphuma emoyeni ezincane njenge-0.12 microns, ubhekane nokuhlanzeka komoya kanye nokulawulwa komswakama ngokuqinisekisa amaphethini okugeleza komoya azinzile.
• Izinhlelo ze-HVAC zegumbi lokuhlanza: Izinhlelo ezikhethekile zokushisa, zokungenisa umoya, kanye nezokupholisa umoya zenzelwe ngqo izindawo ngazinye zegumbi lokuhlanza.
• Izinhlelo Zokuqapha Imvelo: Hlala uqaphile umswakama, izinga lokushisa, kanye nezinhlayiya ezisemoyeni, okunikeza isixwayiso sesikhathi sangempela kanye nokugcinwa kwedatha.
• Amayunithi Okususa Umswakama: Ahlanganiswe nezinhlelo ze-HVAC ezimweni eziningi, lawa yiwona abangela ukuntuleka kwama-dew point ezindaweni ezibucayi kakhulu.

Yonke imishini yegumbi lokuhlanza le-semiconductor kumele iklanywe ngokunakekelwa okuphansi, ukuhambisana, kanye nokuthembeka ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwesikhathi kanye nokuqina kwenqubo.

Amasu Okuhlanzwa Kwegumbi Lokuhlanza Ama-Semiconductor Athuthukisiwe

Ukulawulwa komswakama okuhle kakhulu emakamelweni okuhlanza e-semiconductor kuyinselele yezobuchwepheshe, ikakhulukazi lapho indawo enomswakama ezungezile iphakeme noma iphansi kakhulu, idinga izitshalo (ezingaphansi kuka--40°C noma ngisho no--60°C). Yilapho ubuchwepheshe bokususa umswakama emakamelweni okuhlanza e-semiconductor bungena khona.

Izindlela zokususa umswakama ezisetshenziswayo yilezi:

• Ama-Desiccant Dehumidifiers: Lawa asebenzisa izinto ezi-hygroscopic ukuze akhiphe umoya futhi afanele ukusetshenziswa kwe-RH ephansi.
• Ama-Dehumidifier Asekelwe Esiqandisini: Apholisa umoya ukuze athwale amanzi, alungele amazinga ajwayelekile okulawula umswakama.
• Izinhlelo Ezihlanganisiwe: I-desiccant kanye nefriji kuxutshwa ukuze kusebenze kahle ngaphansi kwezimo zokulawula eziqinile.

Izinhlelo zivame ukwakhiwa ngekhono lokuhlela indawo, lapho izindawo ngazinye zegumbi lokuhlanza zingase zibe namazinga omswakama ahlukene ngokuya ngesigaba senqubo kanye nokuzwela kwemishini.

Izinzuzo Zokulawulwa Komswakama Kwe-Semiconductor Ehlanganisiwe

Indlela yokulawula umswakama ye-semiconductor ehlanganisiwe inezinzuzo eziningana zokusebenza:

• Isivuno Esithuthukisiwe: Umswakama ohlala njalo uvimbela ukukhubazeka komswakama futhi unikeza isilinganiso esiphezulu sama-chips angasetshenziswa.
• Isikhathi Sokungasebenzi Esincishisiwe: Izinhlelo zokulawula imvelo ezizenzakalelayo zinciphisa ukuguquguquka nokulungisa amaphutha ngesandla zibe yisilinganiso esincane kakhulu.
• Ukuthobela Imithetho Nokuqinisekisa: Ukuhambisana nesitifiketi se-ISO 14644 noma i-GMP kuba lula uma izinhlelo zokulawula ezinhle kakhulu zisebenza.
• Ukusebenza Kahle Kwamandla: Izinhlelo zokususa umswakama ezithuthukisiwe zingasebenzisa amandla kahle kodwa zilawulwe ngaphakathi kwemingcele eqinile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba izinto zokumba zisebenza ngokuzenzakalela futhi ziqhutshwa yi-AI, izinhlelo zokulawula umswakama zihlanganiswa nezinye izinhlelo, njengezinhlelo zokukhiqiza (i-MES) kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha izakhiwo (i-BMS), ukuze zilawulwe ngokuphakathi futhi zikwazi ukunakekela kusengaphambili.

Isiphetho

Ukulawulwa komswakama kuyo yonke imboni yokukhiqiza ama-semiconductor akuyona into engaphansi kwenkinga yesibili—kuyimbangela yangaphakathi yekhwalithi, ukuhambisana, kanye nenzuzo. Ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe be-semiconductor cleanroom kanye nezindlela ezifanele zokususa umswakama we-semiconductor cleanroom, ama-fabs angafinyelela ukubekezelelana okunembile okudingekayo ukukhiqiza ama-chip esizukulwane esilandelayo.

Ngokwamukela izinhlelo zokulawula umswakama ze-semiconductor ezihlanganisiwe, ezihlakaniphile, nezisindisa amandla, uzibeka esimweni sokuhlangabezana nezidingo ezikhulayo zezimakethe kusukela ku-AI kanye ne-IoT kuya kwezezimoto kanye nezindiza. Ezweni lapho i-micron eyodwa ibalulekile, indawo oyidalayo ibaluleke kakhulu.