Kupanga ma semiconductor sikukhululuka molondola. Pamene ma transistors akuchepa ndipo ma circuitry akuwonjezeka, ngakhale kusintha kochepa kwa chilengedwe kungayambitse zolakwika, kutayika kwa zokolola, kapena kulephera komaliza kudalirika. Mosakayikira, gawo lofunika kwambiri komanso losaiwalika la njira yopanda zolakwika ndi kuwongolera chinyezi. Kuchita bwino kwambiri sikungokhazikitsidwa pazida zamakono za semiconductor cleanroom, komanso pa machitidwe ochotsera chinyezi m'chipinda chotsukira cha semiconductor omwe amakonzedwa mosamala ndi magawo enaake a njira.

Udindo wa Chinyezi mu Kupanga Ma Semiconductors

Chinyezi si chinthu chapamwamba chabe—ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popanga zinthu zopangidwa ndi semiconductor. Chinyezi chosalamulirika chimabweretsa zoopsa izi:

• Kusungunuka kwa malo obisika a wafer
• Kutulutsa kwa electrostatic (ESD), makamaka m'malo opanda chinyezi chambiri
• Kuipitsidwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono kudzera mu nthunzi ya madzi
• Kudzikundikira komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha chinyezi panthawi yopaka ndi kuyesa

Popeza zipangizo zamagetsi zamagetsi zimapangidwa pa masikelo a nanometer masiku ano, zoopsazi zikuwonjezeka. Chifukwa chake, kulamulira chinyezi chamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi si lingaliro labwino chabe—ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri paukadaulo.

Mvetsetsani Chipinda Chotsukira cha Semiconductor

Mafakitale opanga zinthu zopangidwa ndi semiconductor, kapena zinthu zopangidwa ndi nsalu, amamangidwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timauluka pang'onopang'ono, kusinthasintha kwa kutentha, komanso chinyezi. Zipinda zoyera zimagawidwa malinga ndi kuchuluka ndi kukula kovomerezeka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono pa mita imodzi ya kiyubiki malinga ndi gulu la ISO kapena Federal Standard 209E.

Mu malo awa, zida zoyeretsera za semiconductor sizimangoyang'anira kayendedwe ka mpweya ndi kusefa komanso zimakhazikitsa kutentha ndi chinyezi. Kuphatikiza kwa machitidwe oyeretsera kuyenera kuonetsetsa kuti magawo achilengedwe akugwirizana. Izi ndi zoona makamaka pa ntchito zovuta monga lithography, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), ndi etching.

Zipangizo Zotsukira Zofunikira Kwambiri Zoyendetsera Chilengedwe

Zipangizo zamakono zimagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri poyang'anira momwe zinthu zilili. Pakuyeretsa mpweya ndi kulamulira chinyezi, zipangizo zotsatirazi ndizofunikira kwambiri:

• Zosefera za HEPA ndi ULPA: Chotsani tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timauluka tokhala ngati ma microns 0.12, poyeretsa mpweya ndi kuwongolera chinyezi mwa kuonetsetsa kuti mpweya ukuyenda bwino.
• Machitidwe a HVAC a Chipinda Chotsukira: Makina apadera otenthetsera, opumira mpweya, ndi oziziritsa mpweya amapangidwa makamaka kuti agwirizane ndi malo osiyanasiyana a chipinda chotsukira.
• Njira Zowunikira Zachilengedwe: Nthawi zonse muziyang'anira chinyezi, kutentha, ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timauluka, zomwe zimakupatsani chenjezo nthawi yeniyeni komanso kusunga deta.
• Ma Units Ochotsa Chinyezi: Ophatikizidwa mu machitidwe a HVAC nthawi zambiri, awa ndi omwe amachititsa kuti pakhale malo otsika kwambiri a mame m'malo omwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri.

Zipangizo zonse za chipinda chotsukira cha semiconductor ziyenera kupangidwa mosamalitsa, mosagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri, komanso modalirika kuti zitsimikizire kuti ntchito ikugwira ntchito bwino komanso kuti zinthu ziyende bwino.

Njira Zapamwamba Zochotsera Chinyezi mu Semiconductor Cleanroom

Kulamulira bwino chinyezi m'zipinda zotsukira za semiconductor ndi vuto laukadaulo, makamaka pamene chinyezi chili pamwamba kapena pansi kwambiri, zomwe zimafuna zomera (zotsika mpaka -40°C kapena -60°C). Apa ndi pomwe ukadaulo wochotsa chinyezi m'zipinda zotsukira za semiconductor umalowererapo.

Njira zochotsera chinyezi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi izi:

• Zotsukira chinyezi: Izi zimagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoyera bwino kuti ziume mpweya ndipo ndi zabwino kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wochepa.
• Zotsukira chinyezi zochokera mufiriji: Zimaziziritsa mpweya kuti zinyamule madzi, zomwe ndi zabwino kwambiri pamlingo wofunikira wa chinyezi.
• Machitidwe Osakanikirana: Desiccant ndi firiji zimasakanizidwa kuti zigwire ntchito bwino pansi pa malamulo okhwima.

Machitidwewa nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi luso logawa malo, pomwe madera osiyanasiyana a chipinda chotsukira amatha kukhala ndi chinyezi chosiyana malinga ndi gawo la ndondomekoyi komanso momwe zida zimagwirira ntchito.

Ubwino wa Kulamulira Chinyezi cha Semiconductor Chogwirizana

Njira yolumikizirana yowongolera chinyezi cha semiconductor ili ndi zabwino zingapo zogwirira ntchito:

• Kuchuluka kwa Zokolola: Chinyezi chokhazikika chimateteza ku mavuto a chinyezi ndipo chimapereka chiŵerengero chapamwamba cha tchipisi togwiritsidwa ntchito.
• Kuchepetsa Nthawi Yogwira Ntchito: Machitidwe owongolera zachilengedwe okha amachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kukonza zolakwika pamanja mpaka kufika pamlingo wochepa kwambiri.
• Kutsatira Malamulo ndi Chitsimikizo: Kutsatira malamulo a ISO 14644 kapena GMP kumakhala kosavuta ndi machitidwe abwino kwambiri owongolera omwe akugwira ntchito.
• Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu Moyenera: Makina apamwamba ochotsera chinyezi amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu moyenera koma amawongoleredwa mkati mwa malire okhwima.

Kuphatikiza apo, popeza zinthu zopangidwa zokha komanso zoyendetsedwa ndi AI, njira zowongolera chinyezi zikugwirizanitsidwa ndi njira zina, monga njira zopangira zinthu (MES) ndi njira zoyendetsera nyumba (BMS), kuti ziziyang'aniridwa pakati komanso kuti zizitha kukonza zinthu motsatira malangizo.

Mapeto

Kulamulira chinyezi panthawi yonse yopanga ma semiconductor sikuti ndi nkhani yachiwiri—ndi chinthu chomwe chimapangitsa kuti zinthu zikhale bwino, zikhale zogwirizana, komanso kuti zikhale ndi phindu. Pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapamwamba wa ma semiconductor cleanroom komanso njira zoyenera zochotsera chinyezi m'chipinda chotsukira ma semiconductor, ma fabs amatha kukwaniritsa kulekerera koyenera kofunikira popanga ma chips a m'badwo wotsatira.

Mwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowongolera chinyezi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pophatikizana, zanzeru, komanso zosunga mphamvu zamagetsi, mumadziika pamalo oyenera kukwaniritsa zosowa zomwe zikukulirakulira zamisika kuyambira pa AI ndi IoT mpaka magalimoto ndi ndege. M'dziko lomwe micron imodzi ndi yofunika kwambiri, malo omwe mumapanga ndi ofunikira kwambiri.